Journal Of Educational and Psychological Researches
Journal of Educational and Psychological Research (JEPR) An Official Quarterly Publication of the University of Baghdad Journal Identity Publisher:Educational and Psychological Research Center Affiliation:University of Baghdad, Iraq ISSN:1819-2068 (Print) | 2663-5879 (Online) DOI Prefix:52839 Contact: Al-Jadriya Campus, Baghdad, Iraq | P.O. Box 47046 +964 750 372 5675 | jperc@perc.uobaghdad.edu.iq www.jperc.uobaghdad.edu.iq Publication Details Frequency:Quarterly Access:Open Access (CC BY-NC 4.0 License) Indexing: - Iraqi Academic Scientific Journals - Google Scholar - ResearchGate
Educational and Psychological Research Center
Psychological Entitlement and Its Relationship with Existential Threat among Employees Approaching Retirement
Psychological entitlement refers to a persistent feeling that one deserves more than others, even if this is not proportional to one's actual abilities and efforts. Employees approaching retirement often lack a sense of meaning due to the absence of a work environment and emotional participation among groups that share the same ideas and responsibilities. Their loss thus becomes a loss that leads to the emergence of certain problems, which may result in existential threat. Therefore, having meaning and hope is of great importance, as it makes it possible to deal with, adapt to, or manage intense and exciting situations and changes. When an employee believes that they deserve more than others, this belief will make them focus only on their own needs and will negatively affect their relationships with others, which may result in conflicts and divisions at work. The current research aimed to: 1-Identifiing psychological entitlement among employees approaching retirement. 2-Determining the significance of differences in psychological entitlement according to the variables of gender (male/female) 3-Identifng existential threat among employees approaching retirement. 4-Determining the significance of differences in existential threat according to the variables of gender (male/female). 5-Identifing the correlation between psychological entitlement and existential threat. To achieve these objectives, the researcher developed a psychological -entitlement scale based on Campbell's theory of psychological entitlement (2004) and an existential threat scale based on Sullivan's adopted theory (2016), which consisted of 33 items with five response options distributed across two levels. The sample consisted of 400 employees approaching retirement in order to extract the psychometric properties using the SPSS program. The current research concluded the following results: 1-Employees approaching retirement have a statistically significant level of psychological entitlement. 2-There is no difference in psychological entitlement according to the gender variable (male – female). 3-Employees approaching retirement have a statistically significant level of existential threat. 4-There is no difference in existential threat according to the gender variable (male – female). 5-There is a positive correlation between psychological entitlement and existential threat. Afterwards, a set of recommendations and suggestions was presented.
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Systems Thinking Skills among Intermediate School Female Students
The current research aims to identify the level of systematic thinking skills among middle school female students in secondary and intermediate government day schools affiliated with the First Karkh Education Directorate for the academic year (2024-2025). To achieve the research aim, the researchers developed a scale of systematic thinking skills consisting of 37 items distributed over four skills: perceiving relationships, analyzing systems, composing systems, and valuating systems. It was administered to 200 middle school female students. The results were analyzed using statistical methods, and based on that, a set of conclusions and recommendations was developed.
The Extent to Which of curricula of Islamic Education in Post-Secondary Sycle in the Sultanate of Oman Address Intellectual Security from the Perspective of Teachers
The research aims to explore the extent to which the curriculum of Islamic Education in Oman incorporates intellectual security. The sample consisted of 113 male and female teachers from post-basic education schools who teach Islamic Education in the 11th and 12th grades. They were randomly selected from four educational governorates. The researchers developed a questionnaire of 32 items. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.96. The instrument included three dimensions: Islamic doctrinal affiliation, cultural affiliation, and national-social affiliation. The results revealed that the perspective of Islamic education teachers on the inclusion of intellectual security in the post-basic education curriculum was good, with a mean score of 4.1 and a standard deviation of 0.589. The results also showed that out of three dimensions, the Islamic doctrinal affiliation ranked first, with a mean score of 4.4159 and a standard deviation of 0.52055, followed by national-social affiliation (mean = 4.0933, SD = 0.68424) and cultural affiliation (mean = 4.0657, SD = 0.62745). Furthermore, the research found there are no statistically significant differences at the significance level of (α = 0.05) between the mean scores of the research sample concerning the extent to which the Islamic Education curriculum in post-basic education incorporates intellectual security based on gender, educational qualification, and experience. The significance levels were 0.526, 0.537, and 0.414, respectively, all of which are higher than the significance level (α = 0.05).
The Effectiveness of Some Differentiated Teaching Strategies in Teaching Mathematics on Developing Deductive Reasoning among Fourth Grade Students in the Basic Education Stage in Dhofar Governorate
This research aims to identify the effect of some differentiated education strategies in mathematics to develop deductive thinking skills among fourth-grade students in Dhofar Governorate. The research sample consisted of 60 students who were chosen purposefully from the fourth grade at Qalaat Al Fikr School for Basic Education (1-4). It was divided into two groups: a control group of 30 students was taught using the traditional method, and an experimental group of 30 students was taught using some differentiated education strategies. The researcher developed a test of deductive thinking that included three skills—problem solving, deduction, and induction—to collect data. According to the quasi-experimental approach, a pre-post-deductive thinking test was applied to the research sample. The research revealed that there are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group and the mean scores of the control group at α ≤ 0.05 in the post-test of deductive thinking in favor of the experimental group. The research recommended the importance of employing strategies that foster the development of deductive thinking skills in mathematics education and encouraging teachers to incorporate tasks and activities that promote deductive reasoning.
Omani Social Studies Teachers' Perceptions of Change in Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic
The research aims to identify the level of social studies teachers' assessments in the Sultanate of Oman regarding the change in teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve the research's objectives, the researchers employed a descriptive-analytical approach. A questionnaire prepared by the researcher and based on a review of several previous studies, consisting of (28) items, was used. After verifying the validity and reliability of the instrument, the Cronbach alpha for internal consistency reached 0.856, which is a high and applicable percentage. The research was applied to a sample of 445, including 206 male teachers and 239 female teachers from the governorates of North Al Batinah, Muscat, Dhofar, South Al Sharqiyah, and Al Wusta for the academic year 2021-2022. The research results showed that the level of social studies teachers' assessments of the change in teaching style reached a high level of 3.76, and that the best teaching style from the perspective of social studies teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic is face-to-face teaching. It received an approval rate of 79%. Furthermore, the research sample members disagreed about the level of effort required by distance learning. While 42% of the sample members believed that its adoption came at an appropriate time, 38% believed that its adoption came at an appropriate time to some extent, and 20% believed that its adoption came at an inappropriate time. Approximately 58% of the study sample had average knowledge of distance learning methods, and the majority (60%) believed that implementing this teaching style during the COVID-19 pandemic was appropriate for the circumstances of only some students, teachers, and the community. The research recommended developing a training plan for social studies teachers to enhance their assessments and prepare them for the requirements of change in teaching. Based on this, the researchers propose studying the training and supervisory programs provided to teachers and the challenges they faced during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Family Awareness of the Child Concept and Its Relationship to the Number of Children in the Family
The current research aims to investigate family awareness of the concept of the child according to the variable of the number of children in the family. The researcher has developed a scale to assess this awareness. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach as a scientific methodology and relied on the integrative theory. After reviewing the relevant literature on children and families, a family awareness of the Child Concept Scale was developed, consisting of 37 items. The scale was first administered to a pilot sample to ensure the clarity of instructions. Subsequently, it was applied to a randomly selected sample of 300 children, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach alpha coefficient. The statistical analysis of the responses revealed that the level of family awareness among kindergarten children's families was higher than the scale’s hypothetical mean, indicating a strong parental interest in understanding and addressing their children's needs at this stage. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference in family awareness based on the number of children within the household, suggesting that awareness levels vary according to family size.
Ideal Multidimensional Knowledge among Graduate Students
Graduate students often face a range of psychological challenges that affect them. One of the most prominent problems that students face at this stage is that they have to balance many academic requirements, such as their research, lectures, and projects. This pressure may cause high levels of anxiety and stress, which hinders their ability to concentrate or complete academic work efficiently (Snyder, 2002:249). The research problem can be summarized in answering the following question: What is the relationship between multidimensional ideal knowledge among graduate students? The current research aims to identify the ideal multidimensional knowledge of graduate students in terms of gender and specialization. The research sample of 500 male and female graduate students was selected randomly from the University of Baghdad for the academic year 2023-2024. The researcher developed a scale of ideal multidimensional knowledge based on the theory of Stoebr (2010), consisting of (30) items. The results showed that postgraduate students have a significant level of multidimensional ideal knowledge. There is a significant correlation in multidimensional ideal knowledge between males and females in favor of males. There is no significant correlation in multidimensional ideal knowledge between males and females in terms of specialization. The researcher came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions: employing multidimensional ideal knowledge in college departments to design academic curricula and programs to enhance hope among students. Providing psychological consultations in counseling centers and conducting psychological research based on the results of analyzing students’ personality patterns to better guide them during their academic and personal crises. In addition, investigating the effect of personality types according to the enneagram on academic performance and psychological motivation among graduate students, and exploring the relationship between multidimensional ideal knowledge and other elements, such as creativity or decision-making, among graduate students.
Academic Passion among Middle School Students
The research aims to identify the level of academic passion among middle school students. To achieve this objective, a sample of 423 male and female students was selected randomly from secondary schools in Al Qadisiyah city. The researcher developed a scale of 30 items to measure academic passion as the research tool, which included five areas (self-efficacy, uncertain control, academic integration, academic anxiety, and the relationship between the teacher and the student) according to the theory of Marsh & Martin (2008). The results showed a decrease in the level of academic passion among middle school students. There were no significant differences between males and females in terms of academic passion. In light of this, the research came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions.
Intellectual behavior of university professors
The current research aims to identify the intellectual behavior of university administrative faculty. A sample of 400 male and female administrative faculty members was chosen from the University of Babylon and Al-Qasim Green University. To achieve the research objective, the researchers adopted the Runco (2001) scale, consisting of 23 items, to measure intellectual behavior in its original foreign version based on the theory of Runco (2001). The results showed that university administrative faculty has intellectual behavior. Finally, the two researchers concluded with several recommendations and suggestions.
Aggressive Behavior and Its Relation to Independence among Cochlear Students at Primary Stage
This research aims to identify the relationship between aggressive behavior and independence. To achieve this objective, the researcher developed two scales to measure aggressive behavior and independence among a sample of 146 mothers of children with cochlear implants, whose ages ranged from 6 to 12 years. The researchers adopted the descriptive analytical method. The results showed that the level of aggressive behavior was low (44.13%). The level of independence was high (81.36%). Moreover, the results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between aggressive behavior and independence. The results also showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the averages of aggressive behavior and independence among cochlear implant students due to the child's sex, the child's age, or the beginning of cochlear implantation. The research recommended the need for continuous psychological support and social activities in modifying the aggressive behavior and establishing independent behavior of children with cochlear implants through the family’s roles.
Self-vitality is a significant psychological factor influencing professional performance and positive interaction within the kindergarten environment. Thus, this research examines the level of self-vitality among kindergarten teachers in terms of academic specialization. The research developed a Self-Vitality Scale of 52 items, administered to a sample of 300 kindergarten teachers who were chosen randomly from several public kindergartens in both the Karkh and Rusafa districts of Baghdad for the academic year 2024-2025. The results revealed that the research sample has self-vitality, and there are no significant differences between kindergarten teachers in self-vitality regarding academic specialization. Finally, the research came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions for future studies.
Chemical Enlightenment among Intermediate School Students
The current research aims to identify the level of chemical enlightenment among intermediate school female students in daytime government schools affiliated with the Third Rusafa Education Directorate for the academic year (2024-2025). To achieve the research objective, the researchers developed a chemical enlightenment scale consisting of 54 items distributed over three areas (cognitive, skill, and emotional). It was applied to the research sample of 200 female students. Its validity, reliability, and psychometric properties were confirmed. The results were analyzed. The researchers used several statistical methods to achieve the research objectives, including the t-test, Cronbach's alpha equation, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed a decrease in the level of chemical enlightenment among intermediate school female students. In light of this, the research came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions, including those educational institutions hold training courses that contribute to raising the level of chemical enlightenment for female students.
Psychological Savoring among Postgraduate Students
The research aims to identify the psychological savoring among postgraduates in terms of gender and specialization. To achieve this, the researcher adopted the scale of psychological savoring, which consisted of 24 items distributed over three areas, developed by Bryant et al. (2019). It was administered to a sample of 377 postgraduate male and female students chosen randomly from Baghdad University for the academic year 2024-2025. The results revealed that postgraduate students generally have a satisfactory level of psychological savoring. There are no significant differences in psychological savoring in terms of gender and specialization. In light of these results, the researcher came out with several recommendations and suggestions.
Factor Analysis of a Scale of Temperament Styles among University Students
The current research aims to investigate the temperament styles among undergraduate students in terms of gender and specialization. A sample of 544 male and female students was chosen randomly from the University of Karbala for the academic year 2023-2024. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the scale of temperament styles by Buss-Plomin (1984) as a research tool to collect the needed data. With the help of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the research reached a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.
Hope and its Relationship to Perceived Stress Among Primary Caregivers for Individuals with Hearing Disabilities
The research aims to explore the levels of hope and perceived stress among (n = 60) primary caregivers of children with hearing disabilities and to examine the relationship between them. Additionally, it aims to identify differences in the average scores of hope and perceived stress according to a set of demographic variables (educational level and degree of the child's hearing impairment). The adult hope scale and the perceived stress scale were applied. The descriptive correlational method was used. The research results revealed a high level of hope and a moderate level of perceived stress among the sample. Furthermore, a moderate negative relationship between hope and perceived stress was found; this was achieved by calculating the correlation coefficient between hope and perceived stress, which resulted in -0.433. The results also indicated there are no statistically significant differences in the average scores of hope and perceived stress attributed to educational level or the severity of the child's hearing impairment. Finally, the results showed that hope predicts perceived stress, explaining 17.4% of the variance in perceived stress.
Psychological Foundations of Education in Islamic and Western Perspectives: A Comparative Study through the Approaches of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali and John Dewey
This research aims to identify the psychological foundations of education, their importance in education in general, and the foundations of education in particular, and to understand the different concepts surrounding them. Through an in-depth study, the research seeks to reveal the nature, real impact, and role of these foundations in expanding the young learners’ understanding. Moreover, it aims to determine their status and the importance of their application in the contemporary educational contexts, both Western and Islamic. The research intends to differentiate between the two perspectives and examine what each approach offers in the field of education. It explores which approach has a stronger connection to the learner's life according to the divine nature upon which Allah created humanity. The research endeavors to identify the real practical difference between the two approaches, a task that is not easily accomplished. It aims to provide a clear and unbiased perspective, avoiding any bias towards either approach. Instead, it presents scientific research based on some possible sources and references. This allows interested researchers to find concise scientific sources that meet their needs and are free from ambiguity and obscurity. The researcher relied on some of the works presented by the Arab philosopher Abu Hamid al-Ghazali and the Western philosopher John Dewey, along with some references that could be referred to for further clarification (comparison and analysis). The findings are presented sequentially throughout the research.
The Effect of the R.E.A.C.T Strategy on the Achievement of Sixth-Grade Female Students in Biology
The current research aims to identify the impact of the R.E.A.C.T. strategy on the achievement of sixth-grade science students in biology. The research sample consisted of 65 students, divided into 33 students as an experimental group and 32 students as a control group. A partially controlled experimental design was chosen for the experimental and control groups, with a pretest to implement the experiment. To achieve the research objective, the researchers developed a test of 40 items. The results revealed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in achieving biology achievement. In light of the results, it was concluded that the Ministry of Education's Directorate of Preparation and Training must provide specialized training courses for biology teachers and other science subjects. It was also proposed to hold training courses that include how to use the (R.E.A.C.T.) strategy and employ it effectively in classrooms to raise academic achievement.
The Effect of the Strategy (imagine, organize, focus, share, publish) on the Achievement of Chemistry and Scientific Attitudes of Fifth-grade Science Students
The research aims to identify the effect of the strategy of imagination, organization, focus, sharing, and publishing on the scientific attitudes of fifth-grade science students. To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted the experimental approach. A sample of 61 students from Al-Shatra Preparatory School for Boys was chosen. The sample was split into two groups: 30 students were selected as the experimental group, taught by adopting the strategy of imagines, organize, focus, share, and publish; 31 students were the control group who followed the traditional method in learning. The researcher developed a scale to measure the scientific attitudes of the research sample, in addition to an achievement test. The results showed that the strategy of imagination, organization, focus, sharing, and publishing significantly affects the scientific attitudes and achievement test of fifth-grade science students. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis, which states that "there is a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level," was accepted. In light of these results, the researcher concluded that there are significant differences in achievement and scientific attitudes among fifth-grade science students. The researcher recommended that chemistry teachers have to be aware of the new strategies in which the student is the center of the educational process. The researcher also suggested conducting research similar to the current one for different academic levels and other science subjects.
The effect of using Posner's model of conceptual change in changing misconceptions in biology among ninth grade female students in the Sultanate of Oman
The current research aims to investigate the effect of teaching using Posner and colleagues' model on the conceptual change of misconceptions among female basic ninth-grade students in biology, specifically the human digestive system. The research used a quasi-experimental approach. The research sample consisted of 37 female students divided into two groups: an experimental group with 18 female students, who were taught using Posner and his colleagues' model of conceptual change. a control group with 19 female students who were taught using the traditional method. To achieve the objectives of the research, an achievement test for the unit was developed. The result showed that students have misconceptions about this unit, ranging between 22.22% and 88.89%. The result also showed that there are statistically significant differences in the averages of the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. Based on the previous results, the study recommended using Posner and his colleagues' model for conceptual change of the students' misconceptions.
The role of Sustainable Landscape in Enhancing the Mental Health Among Students: A comparative Study between The University of Baghdad and the University of Technology
This research aims to examine how the landscape affects university students' psychological health, focusing on the University of Technology (UoT) and the University of Baghdad (UoB). A field survey of the green cover area of both sites, along with statistical analyses of the questionnaire administered to 400 students at each university in the fall semester for the academic year 2024-2025 to study the impact of green cover on psychological and mental health. The study found significant differences in campus time use and landscape engagement between UoB and UoT students. UoB shows that most students (82.75%) spend 4-6 hours daily, and 17.25% spend 6-10 hours on campus, whereas UoT shows a lower percentage of students (59.75%) who spend 4-6 hours daily and a higher percentage (32.75%) who spend 6-10 hours. UoB recorded 64.25% of students visiting the landscape 2-4 times weekly, whereas UoT recorded 81.5% of students visiting 2-4 times weekly. The results showed that exposure to green spaces improved mood in 93.3% of UoB students and 100% of UoT students. The average landscape evaluation scores at UoB and UoT were 4.42±0.78 and 4.70±0.61, respectively. Additionally, in UoT's landscape evaluation, 89.9% of students thought that green cover sustainability needed improvement. The results showed that UoB (87.3%) and UoT (98.5%) had a much better rate of reduction of stress, and the average psychological health scores at UoB and UoT were 4.55 ± 0.65 and 4.75 ± 0.49, respectively, indicating a stronger favorable influence at UoT. The study emphasizes how important it is to improve campus green spaces through more student involvement, sustainable maintenance, and thoughtful architectural changes by highlighting the need for campus-specific adjustments and maximizing green cover. The study suggests increasing accessible spaces, adding more shady areas, and incorporating student-led sustainability initiatives to improve mental health and enhance students' academic experience.
The Effect of Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA) Strategy on Biological Self-Efficacy and Secondary School Students' Achievement of Biology
The research aims to examine the influence of the semantic feature analysis (SFA) strategy on biological self-efficacy and achievement in biology for secondary school male students. The researchers adopted the experimental approach with equivalent groups. A post-test was utilized for the biological self-efficacy scale and the biology subject achievement. The results showed that the experimental group's performance was greater than that of the control group in each of the achievement tests and the biological self-efficacy scale. Thus, the two null hypotheses in the current research were rejected. The researchers concluded that the semantic feature analysis (SFA) strategy has a significant impact on students' academic achievement and biological self-efficacy.
The Effectiveness of Neural Branching Thinking Strategies in Improving English Reading Comprehension Skills among Omani 10th Graders
The research aims to identify the effectiveness of using neural branching thinking strategies in developing reading comprehension skills for 10th-grade school students. To achieve this goal, the researchers adopted the quasi-experimental approach. The researchers used the reading comprehension skills test, in which the intervention lasted for 6 weeks. The research was conducted in Oman's first semester of the academic year 2024/2025. A sample of 70 students was divided into two groups: the experimental group, which was taught using the neural branching thinking strategies, numbered 35 students, and the control group, which was taught using the traditional method, numbered 35 students. The results showed the effectiveness of using neural branching thinking strategies in developing reading comprehension skills, and the experimental group revealed their capability to respond to reading comprehension skills questions. The research came out with several conclusions and recommendations.
THE EFFECT OF TYPE D- PERSONALITY ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS: CLUSTER C PERSONALITY
Abstract Type D personality leads the individuals to show resistance towards rehabilitation and wallow in depression and doubt. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Type D-Personality in increasing the level of personality disorder. In order to achieve the main objective, 165 undergraduate students from a public university in Baghdad, Iraq have been selected to respond to two sets of questionnaires namely Type D-Personality (TDP) by Denollet & Colleagues (2011), as well as the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) by Loranger (1994). The results showed that TDP has a significant effect on AVPD & DPD, whereas it has no significant effect on OCPD. Implications and limitations of the study were discussed, and suggestions for future research are offered. The danger of the TDP should be introduced as early as possible before young couples started to become students and get into university society.
Type D-Personality (TDP), Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD), Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD), Obsessive compulsive personality disorders (OCPD).
The Level of Practice of Excellence Habits by Second-Cycle Students in Dhofar Governorate from Teachers’ Point of View Considering some Variables
The current research aims to assess the level of excellence habits practiced by second-cycle students in Dhofar Governorate from the teachers' perspective, considering various variables. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher employed the descriptive approach. The research sample included 54 science teachers from second-cycle schools. Data was collected using a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale. The findings indicated that the level of excellence habits practiced by second-cycle students in Dhofar Governorate, as perceived by teachers, scored an average of 3.2 out of 5 overall. The results revealed that there are statistically significant differences in responses in terms of gender in the total score and specific subcategories—mental flexibility, perseverance, determination, and decision-making—in favor of male teachers. Regarding the qualification variable, significant differences were found only in the mental flexibility category. Additionally, there are no statistically significant differences regarding years of experience in either the total score or any of the categories. The research recommended enhancing the science curriculum for the second cycle with activities and exercises that foster excellence habits among students, providing training for second-cycle science teachers on integrating these habits into their teaching, and redesigning the natural science teacher's guide to include practical activities and events related to the lessons that assist in the integration of excellence habits.
Social Comparison among Kindergarten Children and Its Relationship to Some Variables
Social comparison can motivate individuals towards positive behavior when the comparisons are favorable and vice versa. Negative comparisons may lead to feelings of low self-esteem, inferiority, and dissatisfaction. The current research aims to identify the social comparison of kindergarteners. To achieve this objective, the researcher developed a social comparison scale of 17 items, administered to a sample of 400 children in the public kindergartens selected randomly from the six directorates in Baghdad Governorate. The results showed that the research sample exposed a positive social comparison and lacked a negative comparison. There is no statistically significant difference in social comparison in terms of gender. The researcher set several recommendations and suggestions based on the results of the current research.
Academic Burnout among University Students
The current research aims to identify academic burnout among university students and the significant differences in academic burnout according to gender, specialization (scientific-human), and the type of study (governmental-private). The research sample included 550 male and female students selected randomly from the University of Baghdad and Al-Salam University College for the academic year 2023-2024. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a scale of 26 items to measure academic burnout, distributed over three domains (exhaustion, weak academic efficiency, and dullness of feelings). The results found that university students have high academic burnout. There are no significant differences in terms of gender regarding academic burnout. There are statistically significant differences in specialization (scientific-humanities) considering academic burnout in favor of the scientific specialization. There are statistically significant differences in terms of the type of study (governmental or private) regarding academic burnout in favor of government colleges.
Cognitive Failure among Al-Anbar University Students
The research aims to identify cognitive failure among al-Anbar University students and to identify the significant differences among university students according to gender and academic specialization (scientific or humanities). The research sample is 346 male and female students selected randomly from Al-Anbar University. The researcher developed a scale of 30 items with three alternatives to measure cognitive failure. The results showed a low level of cognitive failure among university students. There are no statistically significant differences in cognitive failure in terms of specialization. There are no significant differences regarding students' gender.
The Effect of Reciprocal Teaching Strategy on the Reading Comprehension and Expressive Performance of the Sixth Grade Students
The research aims to identify the effect of the reciprocal teaching strategy on reading comprehension and expressive performance of the sixth-grade students. To achieve the objective, the researcher chose quasi-experimental designs. A sample of 60 primary school students was chosen randomly from the Jum Jamal district in Sulaymaniyah province for the year (2021-2022). The experimental group of 31 students adopted the reciprocal teaching strategy. The control group of 29 pupils followed the traditional teaching method. The researcher developed a post-test to measure reading comprehension and expressive performance, which was administered to the research sample. The result showed that students who learned to read according to the strategy of reciprocal teaching have more reading comprehension and expressive performance than students who learned based on the traditional.
The Impact of Using an Enrichment Program Based on Cognitive Control on Perceived Self-Efficacy of Gifted Female Students in Mathematics
The current research aims to construct an enrichment program according to the strength of cognitive control for gifted female students in the first intermediate grade and to identify the impact of the enrichment program on the perceived self-efficacy of gifted female students in the first intermediate year. To achieve the research objectives, an experimental method was adopted. The research population consisted of first-grade middle school female students in gifted schools affiliated with the directorates general (first, second, and third) of education in Al-Rusafa of education in Baghdad Governorate for the academic year 2023-2024. The experiment was applied to a sample of 54 female students chosen randomly from six schools. An enrichment program was constructed based on the cognitive control power, which included three chapters from the first-grade middle school mathematics book (fifth, sixth, and seventh). A self-efficacy scale of 39 items was developed at three levels: choosing activities, effort exerted, and persistence in performing tasks to measure perceived self-efficacy. The experimental group was taught using the traditional method in addition to the enrichment program, while the control group was taught according to the traditional teaching method. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in terms of the perceived self-efficacy scale.
Construction of a Training Program According to the Deep Thinking Strategies for Biology Teachers and Its Effect on their Mind Wandering
The research aims to develop a training program for biology teachers according to deep thinking strategies and to identify the effect of the training program on their mental wandering. It was developed based on the systems approach in basic stages represented by inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback. It was applied to a sample of 32 biology teachers for the fourth scientific grade, affiliated with middle and secondary schools in the center of Mosul city/left side, within the General Directorate of Education of Nineveh Governorate/Iraq. The sample was distributed into two groups, an experimental group of (16) male and female teachers who underwent the training program, and a control group who did not undergo the training program of (16) male and female teachers. After conducting equivalence between the two groups and controlling for some non-experimental variables that could affect the integrity of the experimental design, the training program was applied to the experimental group for ten actual days. The research tool represented by the mental wandering scale was built according to the definition of Smallwood (2003), the developer of the concept of mental wandering within two dimensions: mental wandering within the task (positive) and mental wandering outside the task (negative). The number of items on the final scale reached 65 items. As for identifying the effect of the training program on the mental wandering of teachers, a null hypothesis was formulated for that. The results showed a decrease in negative mental wandering and an increase in positive mental wandering in the experimental group compared to the control group.