Journal Of Educational and Psychological Researches
Journal of Educational and Psychological Research (JEPR) An Official Quarterly Publication of the University of Baghdad Journal Identity Publisher:Educational and Psychological Research Center Affiliation:University of Baghdad, Iraq ISSN:1819-2068 (Print) | 2663-5879 (Online) DOI Prefix:52839 Contact: Al-Jadriya Campus, Baghdad, Iraq | P.O. Box 47046 +964 750 372 5675 | jperc@perc.uobaghdad.edu.iq www.jperc.uobaghdad.edu.iq Publication Details Frequency:Quarterly Access:Open Access (CC BY-NC 4.0 License) Indexing: - Iraqi Academic Scientific Journals - Google Scholar - ResearchGate
Educational and Psychological Research Center
THE EFFECT OF TYPE D- PERSONALITY ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS: CLUSTER C PERSONALITY
Abstract Type D personality leads the individuals to show resistance towards rehabilitation and wallow in depression and doubt. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Type D-Personality in increasing the level of personality disorder. In order to achieve the main objective, 165 undergraduate students from a public university in Baghdad, Iraq have been selected to respond to two sets of questionnaires namely Type D-Personality (TDP) by Denollet & Colleagues (2011), as well as the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) by Loranger (1994). The results showed that TDP has a significant effect on AVPD & DPD, whereas it has no significant effect on OCPD. Implications and limitations of the study were discussed, and suggestions for future research are offered. The danger of the TDP should be introduced as early as possible before young couples started to become students and get into university society.
Type D-Personality (TDP), Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD), Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD), Obsessive compulsive personality disorders (OCPD).
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal Of Educational and Psychological Researches https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Level of Practice of Excellence Habits by Second-Cycle Students in Dhofar Governorate from Teachers’ Point of View Considering some Variables
The current research aims to assess the level of excellence habits practiced by second-cycle students in Dhofar Governorate from the teachers' perspective, considering various variables. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher employed the descriptive approach. The research sample included 54 science teachers from second-cycle schools. Data was collected using a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale. The findings indicated that the level of excellence habits practiced by second-cycle students in Dhofar Governorate, as perceived by teachers, scored an average of 3.2 out of 5 overall. The results revealed that there are statistically significant differences in responses in terms of gender in the total score and specific subcategories—mental flexibility, perseverance, determination, and decision-making—in favor of male teachers. Regarding the qualification variable, significant differences were found only in the mental flexibility category. Additionally, there are no statistically significant differences regarding years of experience in either the total score or any of the categories. The research recommended enhancing the science curriculum for the second cycle with activities and exercises that foster excellence habits among students, providing training for second-cycle science teachers on integrating these habits into their teaching, and redesigning the natural science teacher's guide to include practical activities and events related to the lessons that assist in the integration of excellence habits.
Social Comparison among Kindergarten Children and Its Relationship to Some Variables
Social comparison can motivate individuals towards positive behavior when the comparisons are favorable and vice versa. Negative comparisons may lead to feelings of low self-esteem, inferiority, and dissatisfaction. The current research aims to identify the social comparison of kindergarteners. To achieve this objective, the researcher developed a social comparison scale of 17 items, administered to a sample of 400 children in the public kindergartens selected randomly from the six directorates in Baghdad Governorate. The results showed that the research sample exposed a positive social comparison and lacked a negative comparison. There is no statistically significant difference in social comparison in terms of gender. The researcher set several recommendations and suggestions based on the results of the current research.
Academic Burnout among University Students
The current research aims to identify academic burnout among university students and the significant differences in academic burnout according to gender, specialization (scientific-human), and the type of study (governmental-private). The research sample included 550 male and female students selected randomly from the University of Baghdad and Al-Salam University College for the academic year 2023-2024. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a scale of 26 items to measure academic burnout, distributed over three domains (exhaustion, weak academic efficiency, and dullness of feelings). The results found that university students have high academic burnout. There are no significant differences in terms of gender regarding academic burnout. There are statistically significant differences in specialization (scientific-humanities) considering academic burnout in favor of the scientific specialization. There are statistically significant differences in terms of the type of study (governmental or private) regarding academic burnout in favor of government colleges.
Cognitive Failure among Al-Anbar University Students
The research aims to identify cognitive failure among al-Anbar University students and to identify the significant differences among university students according to gender and academic specialization (scientific or humanities). The research sample is 346 male and female students selected randomly from Al-Anbar University. The researcher developed a scale of 30 items with three alternatives to measure cognitive failure. The results showed a low level of cognitive failure among university students. There are no statistically significant differences in cognitive failure in terms of specialization. There are no significant differences regarding students' gender.
The Effect of Reciprocal Teaching Strategy on the Reading Comprehension and Expressive Performance of the Sixth Grade Students
The research aims to identify the effect of the reciprocal teaching strategy on reading comprehension and expressive performance of the sixth-grade students. To achieve the objective, the researcher chose quasi-experimental designs. A sample of 60 primary school students was chosen randomly from the Jum Jamal district in Sulaymaniyah province for the year (2021-2022). The experimental group of 31 students adopted the reciprocal teaching strategy. The control group of 29 pupils followed the traditional teaching method. The researcher developed a post-test to measure reading comprehension and expressive performance, which was administered to the research sample. The result showed that students who learned to read according to the strategy of reciprocal teaching have more reading comprehension and expressive performance than students who learned based on the traditional.
The Impact of Using an Enrichment Program Based on Cognitive Control on Perceived Self-Efficacy of Gifted Female Students in Mathematics
The current research aims to construct an enrichment program according to the strength of cognitive control for gifted female students in the first intermediate grade and to identify the impact of the enrichment program on the perceived self-efficacy of gifted female students in the first intermediate year. To achieve the research objectives, an experimental method was adopted. The research population consisted of first-grade middle school female students in gifted schools affiliated with the directorates general (first, second, and third) of education in Al-Rusafa of education in Baghdad Governorate for the academic year 2023-2024. The experiment was applied to a sample of 54 female students chosen randomly from six schools. An enrichment program was constructed based on the cognitive control power, which included three chapters from the first-grade middle school mathematics book (fifth, sixth, and seventh). A self-efficacy scale of 39 items was developed at three levels: choosing activities, effort exerted, and persistence in performing tasks to measure perceived self-efficacy. The experimental group was taught using the traditional method in addition to the enrichment program, while the control group was taught according to the traditional teaching method. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in terms of the perceived self-efficacy scale.
Construction of a Training Program According to the Deep Thinking Strategies for Biology Teachers and Its Effect on their Mind Wandering
The research aims to develop a training program for biology teachers according to deep thinking strategies and to identify the effect of the training program on their mental wandering. It was developed based on the systems approach in basic stages represented by inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback. It was applied to a sample of 32 biology teachers for the fourth scientific grade, affiliated with middle and secondary schools in the center of Mosul city/left side, within the General Directorate of Education of Nineveh Governorate/Iraq. The sample was distributed into two groups, an experimental group of (16) male and female teachers who underwent the training program, and a control group who did not undergo the training program of (16) male and female teachers. After conducting equivalence between the two groups and controlling for some non-experimental variables that could affect the integrity of the experimental design, the training program was applied to the experimental group for ten actual days. The research tool represented by the mental wandering scale was built according to the definition of Smallwood (2003), the developer of the concept of mental wandering within two dimensions: mental wandering within the task (positive) and mental wandering outside the task (negative). The number of items on the final scale reached 65 items. As for identifying the effect of the training program on the mental wandering of teachers, a null hypothesis was formulated for that. The results showed a decrease in negative mental wandering and an increase in positive mental wandering in the experimental group compared to the control group.
the research objective, the researcher developed a scale to measure self-love that was administered to a sample of 400 male and female students selected randomly from the University of Baghdad for the academic year 2023-2024. The researchers used a number of statistical tools, such as the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that the research sample has self-love because they can understand themselves more at this stage and appreciate their self-worth. The research came out with several recommendations, including holding training workshops and guidance programs from the ministry of higher education and scientific research to promote self-love among university students to reach positive results at the scientific level and in mental health.
Guidance Needs of High-Achieving and Underachieving Female Students in Secondary Schools
The current research aims to identify the guidance needs of high-achieving and underachieving female students in secondary schools. To achieve the research objective, the researcher designed a scale of 81 items to measure the guidance needs with three domains administered to 400 male and female students selected randomly from secondary schools in Baghdad for the academic year 2023-2024. The results showed that high-achieving female students had social and achievement counseling needs. The underachieving female students had social and psychological counseling needs. The first intermediate students also showed social and achievement needs but did not show psychological needs. The results indicated that there were statistical differences according to academic achievement in favor of high-achieving female students. The research recommends working to provide specialized psychological and educational counseling centers affiliated with the Ministry of Education to help students to get rid of problems and negative extremist tendencies.
Enlightened thinking among graduate students
The current research aims to identify enlightened thinking among graduate students. It is limited to graduate students at Al-Anbar University for the academic year (2023-2024). 400 male and female graduate students in the scientific and humanities specializations were selected randomly from 15 colleges as the research sample. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher developed a scale to measure enlightened thinking, which consisted of 39 items based on the Schwartz model. The research concluded with the point that postgraduate students have enlightened thinking. In light of the research results, the researcher came out with several recommendations and suggestions.
The Effectiveness of Multimedia Teaching According to the Multiple Intelligences Strategy in Acquiring Social Concepts among Middle School Female Students
Deep understanding leads to deep learning, which uses the technology of artificial neural networks interconnected in layers of algorithms to simulate human brain capabilities and recognize complex patterns in large, multivariate datasets. The deep neural network learns from its mistakes by comparing the expected outcome with the known actual results and making adjustments to reduce prediction error. The researcher believes multimedia education has expanded the learning space and proven its effectiveness; modern applications provide opportunities to improve the education system and keep pace with development. Artificial intelligence has important and multiple roles in educational institutions, enabling them to perform efficiently.
Soft Skills and Their Relationship to Psychological Resilience among Middle School Students
The research aims to identify soft skills and psychological resilience among middle school students. It also seeks the correlation between soft skills and psychological resilience. To achieve these objectives, the researcher utilized the soft skills scale developed by Jalal (2024), which comprises 30 items; he also developed a scale of 24 items to measure psychological resilience. These tools were administered to a randomly selected sample of 300 male and female middle school students. The findings revealed that middle school students have soft skills; there are no statistically significant differences in terms of gender. Similarly, students demonstrated psychological resilience without gender-related disparities. Moreover, a significant positive correlation is found between soft skills and psychological resilience.
Psychological and Social Effects of the Education Program for Inmates of Iraqi Correctional Institutions
The current research aims to measure the psychological and social effects on a sample of inmates in Iraqi correctional institutions who are beneficiaries of the inmate education program and to identify the significant difference in the psychological and social effects in terms of gender, type of education, and social background. The research sample included 384 male and female inmates who were integrated into inmate education programs in all Iraqi correctional institutions for the year (2023-2024). To achieve the research objectives, two tools, 20 items and 18 items, were developed to measure the psychological and social effects, respectively. The results showed that the levels of psychological and social effects were average among the research sample based on the overall average relative importance index of 91, according to the approved standard, with a significant difference in the psychological effects in favor of males. There are no significant differences in the social effects in terms of gender. There are significant differences in the psychological effects in terms of the type of education in favor of literacy and basic literacy. There are significant differences in social effects regarding the type of education in favor of literacy only. As for the significant differences between the psychological and social effects in terms of social background (urban, rural), the result favors urban areas. The research came out with several recommendations and suggestions.
Problematic Behavior and Its Relationship to Emotional Deprivation among Middle School Student
The current research aims to identify the problematic behavior and emotional deprivation among middle school students, as well as the significant differences in problematic behavior and emotional deprivation in terms of gender and specialization (scientific-literary). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a scale to measure problematic behavior, consisting of 30 items, and a scale of emotional deprivation, consisting of 30 items with five alternatives. The research sample consisted of 300 male and female students who were chosen randomly from middle and secondary schools in the city of Tikrit. It used the following statistical methods: chi-square, Cronbach's Alpha, t-test for one sample, t-test for two independent samples, and analysis of variance. The results showed that the research sample has problematic behavior and emotional deprivation. There are no significant differences in problematic behavior and emotional deprivation among students in terms of gender and specialization. There is a significant positive correlation between problematic behavior and emotional deprivation. Based on these results, the researcher came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions.
The Effect of the (Gallin) Strategy on the Academic Achievement of Fifth-Grade Literary Students in Literature and Texts and Developing their Academic Passion
The current research aims to identify the effect of the (Gallin) strategy on the academic achievement of fifth-grade literary students in literature and texts, as well as on the development of their academic passion. The sample of the research consisted of 58 students from the fifth literary grade, distributed equally into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with 29 students in each group. After validating statistical equivalence between the students of both groups in some variables, the researcher developed an achievement test consisting of 20 objective items with four alternatives and a scale of 30 items with five alternatives to measure academic passion. The validity and reliability of both instruments were verified. The results of the research showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in terms of achievement and academic passion. There is a development in academic passion among the experimental group. In light of the results, the researcher came out with a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.
Challenges of Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technologies in Teaching Arabic in Public and Private Schools in the Sultanate of Oman from the Teachers’ Perspective
The research seeks to reveal the challenges of employing artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in teaching Arabic in public and private sector schools in the Sultanate of Oman from the teachers' perspective, as well as to examine the differences of the research sample in terms of gender, school affiliation, academic qualification, and number of years of experience. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The research sample included 166 male and female teachers from the second cycle of basic education in the Sultanate of Oman. A questionnaire of 39 items distributed over three axes—cognitive and skill challenges, technical challenges, and ethical challenges—was administered to the research sample. The results showed that the challenges of employing artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in teaching Arabic in public and private sector schools in the Sultanate of Oman from the teachers' perspective, in the overall score of the questionnaire, are high. There are no statistically significant differences over challenges of applying artificial intelligence technologies in teaching, gender, school affiliation, academic qualification, and number of years of experience. The researcher suggested providing educational institutions with training programs for teachers on the use of artificial intelligence technologies in teaching and calling for the development of Arabic language curricula by including them in learning activities that require the use of artificial intelligence technologies.
Fatima bint Youssef bin Khalfan Al Busaidiyah
The Contribution Degree of Transformational Leadership to Employee Job Satisfaction in the Directorates of Education in the
This study aims to identify the degree to which transformational leadership contributes to employee job satisfaction within the Directorates of Education in the Sultanate of Oman. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach; the study used a questionnaire of 38 items as a primary tool. It was administered to a sample of 280 employees from the General Directorates of Education in Muscat, Al Dakhiliya, and Al Batinah South governorates. The findings revealed that both the level of transformational leadership practice and employee job satisfaction within these directorates were rated at a moderate level. The study concluded that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between all aspects of transformational leadership practice and the dimensions of job satisfaction. Furthermore, linear regression analysis demonstrated that the extent of transformational leadership practice, particularly in the areas of behaviors and spiritual values, could predict 87.9% of the variance in employee job satisfaction.
Digital Citizenship and their Relationship of Intellectual Deviation among a Sample of Adolescents in Jeddah
This study aims to reveal the relationships between digital citizenship and intellectual deviation among a sample of adolescents in Jeddah. It also seeks to identify the role of digital citizenship in predicting intellectual deviation among them and reveals the differences in the levels of digital citizenship and intellectual deviation among adolescents in terms of gender and educational stage. The research adopted the descriptive predictive approach. Two questionnaires were administered to 657 male and female students in the middle school and high school online to measure digital citizenship and intellectual deviation. The results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between digital citizenship and intellectual deviation and supporting the possibility of predicting intellectual deviation when digital citizenship is low in adolescents. In addition, the results showed there are no statistically significant differences in the levels of digital citizenship in the dimension of education and protection except for the respect, which is high in favor of females. There are no statistically significant differences in the levels of intellectual deviation in the dimension of intolerance and extremism except for the dimension fanaticism, which is high in favor of males. On the other hand, there are statistically significant differences in the levels of digital citizenship in the dimension of respect in favor of high school students and the dimension of protection in favor of middle school students. Finally, there are no statistically significant differences in the levels of the dimensions of intellectual deviation regarding the academic stage, except for the dimension of extremism, which is in favor of the middle school students.
The Level of Awareness of Digital Citizenship Dimensions among Bachelor of Education Students at Dhofar University and Its Relationship with Certain Variables
The research aims to measure the level of awareness of the dimensions of digital citizenship among undergraduate students in the Education Department at Dhofar University regarding gender, specialization, and GPA. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical method. A random sample of 81 male and female students from the Department of Education at Dhofar University College of Arts, Applied Sciences, and Information Technology and Mathematics programs was employed. A questionnaire was designed to cover six dimensions of digital citizenship: digital access, digital commerce, digital communication, digital literacy, digital behaviors, and digital law. The results indicated that students have a high level of awareness in all dimensions; the highest level is the awareness of digital access, followed by digital commerce, digital communication, digital literacy, digital behaviors, and digital law. The research also showed no statistically significant differences between the level of awareness of the digital citizenship dimensions in terms of gender, specialization, and GPA. The researcher recommended the necessity of integrating digital citizenship concepts and skills in university undergraduate programs and raising awareness of the dimensions of digital citizenship through media and awareness programs.
The Degree to Which Arabic Language Teachers Employ the Necessary Teaching Practices to Develop the Four Cs Skills through E-Learning Platforms
The research aims to identify the degree to which Arabic language teachers employ the 4Cs skills (creative thinking, critical thinking, communication, and cooperation and participation) in their teaching practices through e-learning platforms. The researcher applied the standards of the descriptive analytical approach and used the main measurement tool (observation card) designed by the researcher, which was administered to 40 teachers, where 33 teachers responded at a rate of 82.5% of the total sample. The results of the research showed that all four main axes, including sixteen sub-axes, in addition to the total questions on the observation card, which number 101 accurate questions, have a high degree exceeding 90% for the elements of importance, clarity, and appropriateness. The results also showed that there is a high degree of correlation between the degrees of employment of my beautiful language teachers and the teaching practices necessary to develop the skills of the four Cs (4Cs) through e-learning platforms. The study also recommends expanding the training of teachers to employ the four Cs skills in teaching practices through e-learning platforms.
Promoting Values and National Identity through Student Activities from the Perspective of Students of the Applied College at Northern Border University
The research aims to determine the role played by the student activities division in universities to enhance values and national identity among their students. The research focuses on students in the Applied College at the Northern Border University. A stratified random sample of all academic programs in the college was used. A sample of 225 male and female students from the College of Applied Sciences at the Northern Border University participated. The researcher adopted the descriptive survey approach by using a questionnaire to collect the needed data. The results show an increase in the trend towards developing student activities for the student's personality, the presence of a healthy university environment and an appropriate educational climate, ensuring student activities to develop and enhance the spirit of university discipline, activating the role of volunteer and charitable work towards society, and employing student activities in sports aspects. While the aspects of a healthy university environment and an optimal educational climate that keep pace with students’ inclinations were given a moderate degree. The study recommended the need to expand on national values and identity while paying attention to the role of student activities in two areas: the presence of a healthy university environment and an ideal, appropriate educational climate that keeps pace with students’ inclinations, and the expansion of the availability of new student activities at the university, represented by opening subscriptions to health clubs concerned with physical fitness at a special discount for students of the Applied College.
Witten Expression and its Relationship to Creative Thinking among Gifted Students at Primary Stage
The research aims to examine the relationship between written expression and creative thinking among gifted students at the primary stage. To achieve this, the researcher developed a list of written expression skills suitable for gifted students. The researcher used the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking—Verbal Form (A). The descriptive-analytical approach was adopted. A sample of 43 gifted students from seven schools under the Giftedness and Creativity Department in the Bisha Education Administration was employed. The results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between the gifted students’ scores in written expression and their creative thinking as measured by Torrance Verbal Form (A). Positive relationships were observed in the skills of content and purport, language and style, and structure and organization, with correlation coefficients of 0.433, 0.455, and 0.456, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicated a strong positive relationship between written expression skills and the overall creative thinking measured by the Torrance Verbal Form (A). Significant correlations were found at the (0.001) level for the variables of fluency (0.625), flexibility (0.618), originality (0.545), and an overall correlation coefficient of (0.783). Based on these findings, the research recommended supporting specialized research to explore the relationship between creative written expressions and reading comprehension skills among students. It also emphasized the inclusion of appropriate strategies for teaching special groups in Arabic language teacher preparation programs.
The Contribution of Academic Emotions in Academic Procrastination among Students at University of Nizwa
The current research aims to identify the contribution of academic emotions to academic procrastination among the University of Nizwa students in the Sultanate of Oman. The research sample consists of 178 students selected through simple random sampling. The Academic Emotions Scale developed by Al-Dardeer et al. (2020) and the Academic Procrastination Scale by Abu Ghazal (2012) were used as tools to collect the needed data. A correlation-descriptive design was used. The results indicated that the level of positive academic emotions among students is high; on the other hand, the level of negative academic emotions is moderate. The results also showed that the level of academic procrastination among students is moderate overall. Regarding the correlation coefficient, the results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between the level of positive academic emotions and the level of academic procrastination. Conversely, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the level of negative academic emotions and the level of academic procrastination. As for regression analysis, the results indicated a statistically significant contribution of academic emotions in predicting the level of academic procrastination among students. The regression model was suitable for explaining the relationship between the variables, with negative academic emotions accounting for 49% of the variance in academic procrastination among University of Nizwa students.
Zamzam Khalfan Salim Al-Sinadi Al-Sinadi
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal Of Educational and Psychological Researches
The Availability of Procedural Research Skills among Physics Teachers in Dhofar Governorate from Their perspective
The research aims to identify the availability of procedural research skills among physics teachers in Dhofar Governorate from their perspective. To achieve this, a descriptive approach was adopted. The research developed a questionnaire to collect quantitative data from 76 respondents as the research sample; the questionnaire consisted of 23 items, divided into four domains: the skill of identifying and analyzing the problem, the skill of formulating hypotheses, the skill of collecting and analyzing data, and the skill of writing and interpreting results. The results showed that the arithmetic means and standard deviations for the responses of the sample related to the extent of the availability of action research skills among physics teachers in Dhofar Governorate, which were generally low in degree of availability, with an arithmetic mean of (2.32). The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the availability of action research skills among physics teachers in schools in Dhofar Governorate. From their point of view, it is due to gender and number of years of experience.
Hilal bin Salem bin Muslim Damrik Amer Jid Al-Mahri
The Impact of the 'Scientific Traveler' Mobile App on Seventh Graders' Understanding of Natural Tourist Sites in Oman
This study investigated the impact of scientific concepts through using a gamification approach-based mobile application on the acquisition of scientific concepts, as well as the correction of relevant alternative perceptions about the most important natural tourism sites for seventh graders in the Sultanate of Oman. Pre-post study was conducted using a quasi-experimental design. The sample consisted of 64 seventh-grade students, of which 33 students were assigned to be the experimental group, and 31 students were assigned to be the control group. A mobile application called "scientific traveler" was designed based on the principles of the gamification approach, and was implemented for the experimental group. Furthermore, two tests were created and administered as pre- and post-tests for both study groups: one for their alternative perceptions of the most significant natural tourism sites in Oman, with a reliability coefficient of 0.88, and another for their acquisition of scientific concepts, with a reliability coefficient of 0.77. The data collected by using the suitable statistical tools, then analyzed. The results showed a statically significant difference between the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. This difference at a level of (α= 0.05) in the acquisition of scientific concepts test. This study also found a statically significant difference at a level of (α= 0.05) between the mean score of the experimental group and the mean score of the control group in favor of the experimental group in alternative perceptions about the most important natural tourism sites in Oman. The study recommends that science educators and tourism officials design mobile applications based on the principles of the gamification approach to support students' acquisition of scientific concepts, and to correct their perceptions about important natural tourism sites in Oman.
Fear of Crime, Neuroticism, and Perceived Likelihood of Crime as Predictors of Attitude towards Expatriates
Fear of crime is a significant predictor of several important societal phenomena. Expatriates are a diverse group of people residing and usually working in non-domestic countries; they may be implicitly associated with crime by the domestic populations. This research utilized stepwise multiple regression analysis and gathered a diverse sample intending to provide an initial insight into the relationship between fear of crime and attitude towards expatriates, considering potential effects of neuroticism, perceived likelihood of crime, age, and gender. Significant associations were found between fear of crime, perceived likelihood of crime, and neuroticism; these variables were unrelated to attitude towards expatriates in this research.
Perfectionism among Educational Counselors
The current research aims to identify the tendency towards perfection among educational counselors, as well as to identify the significance of the difference in positive flexibility in terms of gender. To achieve the objectives of the research, a scale of 45 items developed by Al-Ubaidi (2020) was adopted to collect data. It was applied to a random sample of 150 male and female counselors affiliated with the six directorates in the Baghdad Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024). The results showed that the research sample of educational counselors tends to perfection. There are no statistically significant differences between male and female counselors in the tendency toward perfection. The researcher came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions in light of the research results.
The research aims to identify the defeatist behavior of kindergarten children. To achieve this, a scale of 45 items was administered to a sample of 282 boys and girls who were chosen randomly from public kindergartens to measure their defeatist behavior. The findings of the research revealed that public kindergarten children have defeatist behavior. Kindergarten children showed more defeatist behavior compared to preschool-stage children in public kindergartens. Defeatist behavior was more common among girls than boys in public kindergartens. In light of this, the researcher presented some recommendations and suggestions.
Dissatisfaction with Body Image among University Students According to Some Variables
The current research aims to identify dissatisfaction with body image among university students in terms of gender and obesity. The research sample consisted of 400 male and female students was chosen randomly from the first and third stages at the University of Baghdad, including the scientific and humanities specialization for the academic year 2023-2024. To achieve the objective of the research, the researcher developed a scale of 42 items to measure dissatisfaction with body image according to psychological theoretical approaches analytical and psychosocial cognitive body image distributed over five domains: cognitive, behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and social domain. The results revealed that the research sample has dissatisfaction with body image. There are no significant differences among the research sample in dissatisfaction with body image in terms of gender. There are significant differences among the research sample in dissatisfaction with body image in terms of obesity, in favor of obese people. In light of the results of the research, the researcher came out with some recommendations and suggestions.